Jump to: About windowing systems , Alternate Graphics

Note: This page has not been extensively updated, and is not needed by users who are using the Enthought distribution described under Quick Start or Python . That should be just about everybody, but I have retained this page in case Enthought stops making their distribution available without charge, and also for users who might want some additional information about what parts of a Python installation are actually used by the courseware.

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About graphics packages for the courseware

The courseware interfaces with your graphics environment only through the plotting routines in ClimateGraphics.py , which is imported by the ClimateUtilities module. Therefore, only ClimateGraphics.py needs to be modified according to the graphics environment you are using to produce plots. I currently support two graphics packages: PyNgl and MatPlotLib. I have more experience with PyNgl, but for most users MatPlotLib is probably the best choice, especially since it is installed as part of the Enthought distribution. For Windows users, MatPlotLib has the advantage that it doesn't require installation of an x11 windowing package (which would usually be CygWin). On a Mac, MatPlotLib uses the native windowing system, so it can't put up graphics across the network, but it does use x11 on Linux, and so can be used with a centralized courseware server. MatPlotLib is described under Alternate Graphics.

Hi, Just started using python. I can run simple python programs from the terminal in OS X. It says python version 2.6.1. I wanted to try turtle.

Installing PyNGL

The ClimateGraphics module that comes with the courseware uses the PyNGL graphics module to produce graphical output, so you need to install this on your system. You can customize the ClimateGraphics module for use with some other graphics package if you like. Some users will find it easier to use MatPlotLib instead of installing PyNGL. Use of MatPlotLib is supported by the ClimateGraphicsMPL courseware module. See Alternate Graphics for details.

PyNgl is distributed through the Earth System Grid. It is available for various versions of Mac OSX, for Linux, and with a bit more trouble can also be made to run on Microsoft Windows. To obtain PyNGL, first go to Earth System Grid. The sofware you want is under the link to PyNGL under 'Analysis and Visualization Software' near the bottom of the page. To download the software, you will need an Earth System Grid account. Anybody can get an account, and the process is simple and quick. To create an account, go to the 'Login' tab and click the 'Create New Account' under the Login window. Once you have an account set up, go back to the Earth System Grid home page and click the PyNGL link. The software is listed under 'nested collections.' As of 9/2010, the current release is Version 1.3.1, and you should click on this link. Then follow the link to the 'precompiled binaries.' There are two versions of these -- one with 'cairo' support and one without. The one with 'cairo' support allows output of graphics in png and various other formats, which you don't really need, but you might as well install this version as it can be convenient to be able to output graphics in png format for use on web pages. If you run into problems with the version with cairo support, you can fall back to the version without. Installation instructions for Mac OSX and Linux are nearly identical, except for a slight difference about the location of the directory where you have to put the files.

Once on the precompiled binaries page, you should click the link for 'Download Files in this Collection.' You may be asked to log in again at this point. After accepting the license agreement, you will get a list of files available for download. The distributions are all in the form of tar archive files, which can be unpacked by double-clicking on a Mac, or by using the command line equivalent on either Mac or Linux. If using Linux, download the version appropriate to your system. For Mac OSX, download the version PyNGL-1.3.1.macos-10.5-i386-py265-numpy130.tar.gz which is a 32-bit version working with Python 2.6 (the pre-built binaries of which are also generally 32-bit). The OS 10.5 32-bit version works fine on OS 10.6, and will probably work with later versions as well. The version PyNGL-1.3.1.macos-10.5-i386-py265-numpy141.tar.gz is similar, but was compiled to run with Version 1.4.1 of numpy, though mostly it seems that a lot of different versions of numpy will work fine with PyNGL. If you have decided to make the leap to 64 bits on your Mac, and have installed a 64-bit version of Python, then instead you should download one of the 64-bit builds of PyNGL, e.g. PyNGL-1.3.1.macos-10.6-x86_64-py265-numpy130.tar.gz . If you have one of the older PPC processor macs instead of one of the Intel-based macs, then instead you should download PyNGL-1.3.1.macos-10.5-ppc32-py265-numpy141.tar.gz.

Unlike Python and numpy, the Mac OSX distribution for PyNGL is not available as a single-click installer. You have to put the files in the right place more or less manually, just as you do under Linux. Under either system the most reliable way to do this is to first unpack the tar archives into whatever temporary holding directory you want. This will create a subdirectory with a name like the tarfile, but without the extension. Deep in this directory, following down the lib branch, is a directory called site-packages . You want to move the contents of this directory (not the directory itself) to the site-packages directory associated with your active Python installation. Some hints for finding the right site-packages directory are given here.

On a Mac you can move the files by dragging in the Finder (you will be asked for administrator authorization). Alternately, from a terminal window you can use the linux command mv , though you will need to log in with superuser permission to do so. (Or use the command sudo mv .. , which will then ask you to log in with your password. This will work if you have administrator permission on your machine).

Under Linux, the procedure is the same -- just move the site-packages files from the PyNGL distribution to the site-packages directory for your Python distribution.

PyNGL uses the x11 windowing system to display graphics, which is nice because that means it can display graphics across a network connection. On Mac and Linux you don't need to do anything further to use x11, because x11 comes shipped with Mac OS X (you can find it in the Applications->Utilities folder), and x11 is the native windowing system under Linux. For Microsoft Windows, you need to install CygWin if you want to use PyNGL.

Many climate datasets are stored in the netCDF file format, and if you can learn to read these files, it opens up a whole world of data analysis. There is a handy module, PyNio, which is distributed through the same site as PyNgl, and is installed using a similar procedure. None of the Workbook problems require reading netCDF datasets, but a very few of the plots in Chapter 7 (Seasonal cycles) and Chapter 9 (A peek at dynamics) are made from netCDF data. However, if you installed the Enthought Canopy Express distribution, you do not need PyNio to read netCDF files, since the scipy package installed with Enthought also has utilities for reading and writing netCDF files (under scipy.io.netcdf).

Installation for Microsoft windows: [**Under Construction. Most Windows users would do better to use MatPlotLib, installed as part of the Enthought distribution. ]

About windowing systems

[**x11. Native windowing systems. x11 is the native window system for Linux. When x11 is needed (mainly for Ngl on Mac). When using Ngl on Mac, how to let Python know to put display in an x11 window (happens automatically, even if starting from a double-click of idle).]

Alternate graphics packages

MatPlotLib is an outstanding graphics package available for Mac, Windows and Linux. It emulates Matlab-style graphics and is very powerful. MatPlotLib comes shipped with the Enthought Python distribution, but it can be installed on any Python of your choice. ClimateGraphicsMPL.py provides MatPlotLib support, and is imported automatically if PyNgl isn't found on your system. You could also simply write your own plotting commands using the simple MatPlotLib commands, lucidly described at the link. MatPlotLib does not work very gracefully with idle because of the way it handles its interactive windows, but on a Mac or Linux if you start idle from the command line using

idle -n

it works well enough. (I'm not yet sure what the corresponding procedure would be for running idle on Windows, but I will update this section once we get more experience with this issue on Windows).

If you want to use some other The only module that needs to be modified is ClimateGraphics.py, since all references to graphics in the courseware go through the higher-level plotting interface in ClimateUtilities. If you are using a Windows machine, it is alost certainlysimpler to use MatPlotLib (especially with the Enthought distribution) than to install PyNgl, which also requires installation of CygWin to get the x11 windowing system used by PyNgl to display graphics.

This is the home page for instructions on installing openSUSE on an Apple Computer. The instructions here were originally made for openSUSE version 11.1, later updated to openSUSE Leap 42.2, subsequently Leap 15.0.

This page will describe the background and common procedures for installing Linux on an Intel Mac, and any special issues with the general openSUSE installation procedure.

While there are several different ways to set-up a Mactel to run Linux, the procedure described here is the most commonly used and most widely supported as of summer 2018.

• 1Preparation
  • 1.3Re-size The OS X Partition
• 5openSUSE Installation

Preparation

This chapter describes the steps you should do before you install openSUSE on your Mac.

Remember to always back-up your data first!

You can choose to install only openSUSE, multi-boot OS X and openSUSE, or OS X, Windows and openSUSE. It is recommended that you keep OS X even if you don't intend to use it, as this will allow you to install any firmware updates that Apple releases.

If you intend to install only openSUSE, you can skip all the Preparation steps. Ninja chef review.

Update OS X

In OS X run the Software Update tool to check for OS and Firmware updates.

rEFInd

rEFInd manages the EFI based boot process. It is installed into one of the disk's partitions, the choice of which is up to you after being exposed to the options the rEFInd installation instructions offer. https://bestkfiles302.weebly.com/diamond-reels-no-deposit.html. openSUSE Leap 42.3 and 15.0 overwrite the default EFI boot manager, leaving impossible to load MacOS. Therefore it is necessary to install rEFInd after installing Linux. On some of the Mac hardware a special WiFi driver is needed (see below), so best download the zip file beforehand.

NOTE: rEFInd requires one clean boot cycle to properly install. You don't need to even login to OS X, just click shutdown and the next boot screen should be rEFInd. If you have Oracle's VirtualBox installed in OS X, it will prevent that boot cycle from succeeding. Simply move /Library/StartupItems/VirtualBox (directory) out of the StartupItems, do the boot cycle, and put it back later. Ouila! Be advised other 3rd party programs may similarly prevent the full boot cycle. (May 2012)

rEFInd includes a useful tool to synchronize the GPT and MBR partition details. You should run this after any change to your partitioning scheme either in Mac, Linux or Windows. From the rEFInd initial boot screen, choose 'Start Partitioning Tool', carefully read the output, and type 'y' to confirm. Be aware that rEFInd assumes an American keyboard layout. (before 2012, migrated from the old wiki)

Re-size The OS X Partition

The OS X partition has to be re-sized to make space for Linux (and Windows if desired). This can be achieved using the graphical Disk Utility. You should shrink the large system partition. Do NOT TOUCH the EFI (and recovery if it exists) partitions.

Using Disk Utility in OS X 10.5 Leopard or OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard (pre 2012)

This is the recommended method as it both natively shrinks the HFS+ partition and writes a guaranteed valid GPT partition table. Under Applications / Utilities or using Spotlight launch the Disk Utility and resize the OS X partition to the required size. It is also recommended that you set up your chosen partition scheme for Linux and Windows here as well to ensure your GPT partition table is valid. Simply create all the required partitions in the required size and set the type to HFS+, except for your intended Windows partition which you should make NTFS. See the notes on Partition Schemes below.

Using BootCamp in OS X 10.5 Leopard or OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard (pre 2012)

Bootcamp provides a simple GUI to split the exisiting OS X drive into two partitions, non-destructively shrinking the first partition for OS X and creating a second partition as FAT32, which can be re-partitioned later as you require. Once finished partitioning, exit BootCamp without installing Windows, even if you plan a triple-boot set-up. The Disk Utility method is preferred as it is more flexible.

Using diskutil in OS X 10.4.6 or later (pre 2012)

BootCamp was originally released in beta form for OS X 10.4, but is no longer available for download. An alternative is to use the Mac OS X program diskutil. The ability to non-destructively re-size volumes was added to diskutil in OS X 10.4.6 (for more information see macgeekery.com).

The following command example assumes that 'disk0s2' is the OS X partition and will resize it to 60 gigabytes):

Warning: this may or may not work depending if your partition has been re-sized before.

Alternate approach

Disable journaling in MacOS, boot to Linux, use Parted to re-size the MacOS partition and turn journaling back on in MacOS and have the filesystem checked.

Download WiFi drivers

Some of the mac wireless cards may not be supported by open source drivers. if you have no wired connection to the internet, you should download the driver beforehand. otherwise you can skip the following and use yast later.There is a relatively complete list of macs and their hardware support on ubuntu help.You can find your Mac version by:

1. Open 'About This Mac' under the Apple menu
2. Click the 'System Report' button
3. The 'Model Identifier' will be in the default dialog.

The closed source driver is called broadcom-wl in openSUSE and bcmwl-kernel-source in Ubuntu based distributions.There are two (!) packages to install, one of them is a kernel module and needs to match the kernel version.

Making a bootable USB pen drive on MacOS

On MacOS you can also use dd, but the command is slightly different:

Note that of goes to rdisk (otherwise it can take hours) and the bs takes small letters instead of capital ones.

Booting From Install CD / DVD

To make your Mac boot from a Linux or Windows CD or DVD, you need to hold down the 'Alt' key as the Mac starts up (EFI-Boot), keep holding it down until it is obvious the CD is booting (pre 2012).

On a MacBook Air (booting from a pen drive) the alt/option key needs to be pressed. Free fairground games. Boot to the installation via the EFI method (you should see a selection after pressing the alt/option key).

Partitioning

All that is needed is to ensure that:

• The first partition (/dev/sda1) is kept for the EFI boot partition, do NOT delete or format. However it MUST be mounted in /boot/efi during Linux installation.
• The second partition (/dev/sda2) is kept for OS X, do not delete or format.
• The third partition (/dev/sda3) is kept for GRUB, so use for either Linux / or /boot
• The fourth partition (/dev/sda4) is kept for Windows
• The fifth and subsequent partitions are used for Linux as required, e.g. /, /home, /tmp, swap, etc.

Notes:

• There is a an EFI Grub option that should be selected automatically. However, ensure that it is. Do NOT under ANY circumstances overwrite the first partition. Go through EVERY page in the GRUB page of the installer and make sure of that. (In case you wonder what would happen: As far as I understand, EFI boot managers stop working, which includes the one from MacOS. I was able to boot into recovery, then crashed the complete EFI partition (also called ESP) and somehow managed to restore it in just a day.)
• OS X can actually be on any partition other than the ESP, but is easiest left where it already is. As with Linux, or Windows for that matter, OS X can have more than one partition, such as one for the operating system, and another for user data analogous to /home.
• Most references to specific partitions here assume that Linux (and Windows) would be added to an existing Mac OS installation. It's just as possible to install to a new or wiped disk openSUSE first, then Windows then Mac, or Windows, then Mac, then Linux, or Linux, then Mac, then Windows. The important points are creation of an ESP partition at the start of the disk, and smart allocation of space on the rest of the disk. I decide in advance what partitions to create, what size, and where, and create them before starting the first OS installation. One can just as well use the openSUSE installer's partitioner to either create them all before installing any OS, or just create the ones openSUSE will use, leaving blank space for others.

Multi-Booting With Windows (pre 2012)

You can multi-boot your Mac with OS X, Windows 7, 8, and/or 10, and Linux. If you want to do this, it is commonly advised to install Windows first before openSUSE. You will need to re-partition the hard-drive to your chosen scheme for Windows AND openSUSE before you install Windows.

It is strongly recommended to use the built-in OS X Disk Utility as this will guarantee a valid GPT table. Alternatively use a Linux Live CD with a GPT capable partition tool (parted > x.x.x), such as openSUSE >= 11.1 or Ubuntu >= 8.10 or Mandriva >= 2010 to boot your Mac and set up your partition scheme (see partitioning below).

Now proceed with your Windows install. You cannot use BootCamp to do this, as it only supports a Mac/Windows partition scheme. Instead boot your Windows install CD directly. Ensure you have either a full Windows install disk, or if you have an upgrade disk a second external CD drive, as you cannot manually eject the main install CD on most Macs when required to insert your original licensed disk. Afterwards install the Mac drivers from your OS X install DVD.

Once Windows is installed, you can then proceed with your Linux install.

openSUSE Installation

The normal openSUSE installation process is followed so is not covered here in detail. This section will only discuss where the Mac install differs from the normal.

kepp in mind that

• The first partition (/dev/sda1) is kept for the EFI boot partition, do NOT delete or format. It MUST be mounted in /boot/efi during installation.
• Install into the space that you previously made in MacOS.
• In the summary before starting the actual installation process, open the GRUB page. There is a an EFI Grub option that should be selected automatically. However, ensure that it is. Do NOT under ANY circumstances overwrite the first partition. Go through EVERY tab in the GRUB page of the installer and make sure of that.

when the system is installed, unpack the refind zip and run refind-install as root

WiFi drivers

Once the installation process is finished, you may encounter a boot message about firmware issues, like the one below:

As of this writing, these instructions are not entirely complete: after installing the firmware as directed, you must run sudo mkinitrd to ensure that the firmware is loaded at the appropriate time during the boot process. (This extra step may be resolved in a future bugfix.)

Once that's done, you can install the WiFi drivers from the USB pen drive via Software Management (right click and open on the RPM in Dolphin) or Zypper. Note that the packaging system will complain that the RPMs are broken. this is because the signing key is not installed in the system. Note also, that Software Management will complain about missing dependencies (the two packages require each other and Software Manager does not look into the directory), just press ignore.

if you have problems with wifi after a suspend, this needs to be executed

on Linuxmint, pm-utils deals with calling it, but i believe openSUSE uses a different system.

On certain models (like MBP 2015) the WiFi driver is installed by default. Sometimes YaST doesn't recognize it during the installation though. The solution for this is opening YaST, then Network Configuration and selecting 'use Network Manager' instead of Wicked service. After the reboot, WiFi should work.

Keyboard Issues (pre 2012)

It has been reported that sometimes the built-in keyboard of the MacBook and Macbook Pro is not recognized during the boot. If the openSUSE install menu (with install/rescue/options) hangs on the 'boot from hard-drive option', try rebooting your MacBook. A workaround is connecting a USB keyboard to your MacBook when the installation menu starts.

The keyboard backlighting will certainly work but needs some help. I have successfully compiled lightum. You will need to add these packages (pre 2012, worked fine in Leap):

• dbus-1-devel
• dbus-1-glib-devel
• xorg-x11-devel
• gcc
• make

Compile as root, run it as user. Test with a '-f' for foreground -> lightum -f
Enjoy!

Webcam

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If the webcam doesn't work (try starting `cheese`), and is a FaceTime Camera:

Then there are drivers which may well work.

After that, in the 'sudo lspci -vd 14e4:' output (14e4 is the Broadcom vendor ID), you should see the Facetime HD Camera with 'facetimehd' in the 'kernel driver in use' field. Colossal free online. Assuming it works for you, you'll probably want to auto-load the module on boot. To do that, add a file in modprobe.d:

You'll likely want to rebuild the module automatically when the kernel is updated. To do that, use DKMS. First, remove the current module and the autoload config, since the module will cause conflicts and the dkms service takes over loading installed modules:

Then install and rebuild the module using DKMS:

That will copy the source to /usr/src/facetimehd-1.0 and does all the make/make install/depmod steps whenever a new kernel version is installed. The dkms restart loads the facetimehd module if it's not already present, and enabling the dkms systemd service will autoload the module on reboot. You can check the status of the module for the current kernel using

Suspend to RAM

There is an issue with the backlight in MacBook Airs 6-x as the brightness setting stops working, documented here, including a solution.there are OBS packages for Leap 42.3 and 15.0 and Tumbleweed, you can install via one click install.

If you are testing suspend and the display is dark after wake up, try to make it brighter with the keyboard. Try with and without Fn key, because the function can be swapped. Try pressing it often, because you don't see whether it's changing something or not.

i had problems with the laptop waking up seconds after the suspend.

This needs to be executed at every start of the system. i switched to Linuxmint and put it into /etc/rc.local, not sure it also works in openSUSE. the laptop does not wake up automatically anymore if you open the screen or press a random button, but the power button does work. not that on some hardware you could get problems because you are basically switching off the events that can wake the system up. but in the worst case you have to wait until the system drains the battery, and the hardware reset should always work.

Other things

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• To reduce energy consumption, I recommend the installation and activation of tlp (it is in the default repositories, but needs manual activation in system services is WONTFIX).
• there are more power saving options for Mac laptops here (that is specific for MacBookAir6-2, but others are probably similar. i'm still testing).
• there is more documentation on the apple keyboard, including a link to a patch for switching Fn and Ctrl buttons. Not that if you only want to switch command and alt button, that's also possible by default in KDE's System Settings -> Input devices -> Advanced -> Configure keyboard options -> Alt/Win key behaviour -> Alt is swapped with Win.